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It also adds some great new features:. The new work item form is the default for new collections only. If you’re migrating an existing collection you will have to enable the new work item form from the admin settings. For more information, see Manage roll out of the new web form. You can now setup an alert for tracking changes to a single work item just by clicking on the new “Follow” button Figure 4 in the form.

When you follow a work item, you will be notified any time the work item changes — including field updates, links, attachments, and comments. For details, see Follow a work item. Have you been hitting F5 to figure out what is going on throughout the day with your Kanban board? Try the icon in the screenshot below Figure 5.

When anyone in your team creates, updates, or deletes a work item on the board, you will receive live updates on your board immediately.

Also, if the administrator makes board or team level updates such as adding a new column or enabling bugs on backlog, you are notified to refresh the board to update your board layout.

All you need to do is enable the tower icon on your Kanban board and start collaborating with your team. For more information, see Kanban basics. Checklists titles now appear as hyperlinks Figure 6. You can click on the title to open the work item form.

Checklists now also support context menus that allow you to open, edit, or delete checklist items Figure 7. For details, see Add task checklists. You now have the ability to drill down on your Epic and Feature boards Figure 8. The checklist format lets you easily mark work as completed, and provides a handy bird’s eye view of the completed versus outstanding work.

For more information, see Kanban features and epics. We are giving you more control of the additional information that shows on the cards on your boards. You can now select annotations that you want to view on your Kanban cards Figure 9. Simply unselect an annotation and it disappears from the cards on your Kanban board.

The first two annotations to show up here are child work items tasks in this example and the Test annotation. For more information, see Customize Cards. We have added a new command to all rich text controls on work items that lets you clear all formatting from selected text. If you’re like most users, you’ve probably been burned in the past by copying and pasting formatted text into this field that you cannot undo or clear.

Personalize your Kanban boards by setting filters on users, iterations, work item types, and tags Figure These filters persist so that you can view your personalized board, even when you connect from multiple devices.

Team members can also filter their boards to view progress accruing to a specific parent work item. For example, a user can view user stories that are linked to a feature, or view work across two or more features that roll up to an epic. This feature, much like Checklists, is one more step in our effort to bring visibility through to the different backlog levels.

For details, see Filter Kanban board. When you create a new work item from the Queries tab or from the New Work Item dashboard widget, the iteration path of that work item is always set to the current iteration.

This is not what all teams want, because it means that bugs could show up on the task board immediately. With this improvement, teams can choose the default iteration path a specific one or the current iteration that should be used for new work items. Navigate to the administration area for your team to choose a default iteration. For more information, see the Customize area and iteration paths page.

You can now add a checkbox control to your work items Figure This new field type Boolean has all the properties of normal fields and can be added to any type in your process. For details, see Customize a field. You can now add and remove tags from multiple work items using the bulk edit dialog Figure For details, see Add tags to work items. We have exposed a new extension point on the backlog. Extensions can target the pane on the right side, where mapping and work details are today Figure We have significantly improved the formatting and usability of work item alerts, follows, and mention emails sent by TFS Figure Emails now include a consistent header, a clear call to action, and improved formatting to make sure the information in the mail is easier to consume and understand.

Additionally, all these emails are being designed to ensure they render well on mobile devices. For more information, see Work item alerts. We added the ability to create rich work item templates directly into the native web experience Figure This capability was previously very limited in the web, and only available in this new form through a Visual Studio power tool.

Teams can now create and manage a set of templates for quickly modifying common fields. For details, see Work item templates. Team Foundation Server and later versions no longer support Project Server integration. We have detected that you have Project Server integration configured for this database. Team Foundation Server has made improvements on multiple widgets, such as the Query Tile and Pull Request widgets. We have redesigned our widget catalog to accommodate the growing set of widgets and deliver a better overall experience Figure The new design includes an improved search experience and has been restyled to match the design of our widget configuration panels.

For more details, see Widget Catalog. The Query Tile widget now supports up to 10 conditional rules and has selectable colors Figure The Pull Request widget now supports multiple sizes, allowing users to control the height of the widget.

We’re working on making most of the widgets we ship resizable, so look for more here. The New Work Item widget now allows you to select the default work item type, instead of forcing you to select the most common type you’re creating over and over from the drop-down list. We have made the WIT chart widgets resizable. This allows users to see an expanded view of any WIT chart on the dashboard regardless of its original size.

We have updated the Team Members widget to make it easier to add somebody to your team Figure Teams can now configure the size of the dashboard’s Query Results widget, allowing it to display more results. The Sprint Overview widget has been redesigned making it easier for teams to see if they are on track. The Assigned to Me widget helps users manage the work assigned to them without leaving the dashboard context Figure By providing a widget dedicated to this purpose, team admins can add this functionality to their dashboards with 16 fewer clicks, no context switches and no typing required.

Users can now view, sort, filter, and manage the work assigned to them within the widget context. The APIs also let you add, remove, update, replace, and get information on a widget or a list of widgets on a dashboard. The documentation is available on Visual Studio online docs. Non-admin users can now create and manage team dashboards. Team admins can restrict non-admin permissions through the dashboard manager. For more information, see Dashboards. Some major changes have been made in Git for Team Foundation Server Included are a redesign of the Branches page and a new option to “squash merge”.

The Branches page has been completely redesigned. It has a “mine” pivot that shows the branches you created, pushed to, or favorited Figure Each branch shows its build and pull requests status, as well as other commands like Delete.

If you know the name of your branch, you can search to find the one you want quickly. For more details on branches, see Manage branches.

The pull request experience has some major updates this release, bringing some really powerful diff capabilities, a new commenting experience, and an entirely refreshed UI. For more details, see Review code with Pull Requests. When opening a pull request, the new look and feel is evident immediately Figure We have reorganized the header to summarize all the critical state and actions, making them accessible from every view in the experience.

The Overview now highlights the PR Description and makes it easier than ever to give feedback Figure Events and comments are shown with the newest items on top to help reviewers see the latest changes and comments front and center. Policies, work items, and reviewers are all provided in detail and reorganized to be more clear and concise.

The biggest new feature in this release is the ability to see past updates made to a pull request Figure In previous previews, we released the ability to properly track comments as a PR is updated with changes. However, it’s not always easy to see what’s between updates. In the Files view, you can now see exactly what changed each time new code is pushed to your PR. This is very useful if you’ve given feedback on some code and want to see exactly how it changed, isolated from all the other changes in the review.

The new Updates view shows how the PR is changing over time Figure Where the Files view shows how the files have changed over time, the Updates view shows the commits added in each update. If a force push ever happens, the Updates view will continue to show the past updates as they occurred in history. Use the full power of markdown in all your discussions, including formatting, code with syntax highlighting, links, images, and emoji Figure The commenting controls also have a more user friendly editing experience allowing multiple comments to be edited and then saved at one time.

It is now easier to add and remove reviewers from your pull requests. To add a reviewer or group to your pull request, simply enter their name into the search box in the Reviewers section. To remove a reviewer, hover over their tile in the Reviewers section and click the X to remove them Figure The traceability between builds and pull requests has improved, making it easy to navigate from a PR to a build and back.

In the build details view for a build triggered by a pull request, the source will now show a link to the pull request that queued the build. In the Build Definitions view, any build triggered by a pull request will provide a link to the pull request in the “Triggered By” column. Finally, the Build Explorer view will list pull requests in the source column. Pull requests in VSTS have been improved to show comments left in files on the proper line, even if those files have been changed since the comments were added.

Previously, comments were always shown on the line of the file where they were originally added, even if the file contents changed—in other words, a comment on line 10 would always be shown on line With the latest improvements, the comments follow the code to show what the user expects—if a comment is added on line 10, and two new lines were subsequently added to the beginning of the file, the comment is shown on line Even after the code has changed to shift the line with the original comment from 13 to 14, the comment is appearing in the expected place on line 14 Figure Teams that are using branch policies to protect their branches will want to check out the auto-complete action.

Many times, the author of a pull request is ready to merge their PR, but they are waiting on a build to finish before they can click Complete. Other times, the build is passing, but there is one reviewer that has not given the final approval. In these cases, the auto-complete action lets the author set the PR to automatically complete as soon as the policies are all approved Figure Just like the manual complete action, the author has a chance to customize the message of the merge commit and select the appropriate merge options Figure Once auto-complete has been set, the PR will display a banner that confirms that the auto-complete is set and waiting for policies to complete Figure When all the policies are met e.

As expected, if there is a build failure or the reviewer does not approve, the PR remains active until the policies are passing. When completing a pull request, you now have the option to squash merge Figure This new option produces a single commit containing the changes from the topic branch that is applied to the target branch.

The most notable difference between a regular merge and a squash merge is that the squash merge commit will only have one parent commit. This will mean a simpler history graph, as any intermediate commits made to the topic branch will not be reachable in the resulting commit graph. You can find more information at Squash merge pull requests.

Build status success or failure is now clearly visible in the Code Explorer and Commit Details views Figure More details are just a click away, so you will always know if the changes in the commit passed the build or not. You can also customize which builds post status in the repository options for the build definition. Additionally, the latest changes to the Commit Details view provide deeper insights about your changes. If you’re using pull requests to merge your changes, you will see the link to the pull request that introduced the changes into the main branch or in the case of a merge commit, the PR that created it.

When your changes have reached main, the branch link will appear to confirm that the changes have been included. If you’re already working with large files in Git audio, video, datasets, etc. This makes it possible to view the full contents of these large files by simply clicking the file in your repo. For more information, see Manage large files with Git. Share code references easily with code links Figure Just select text in a file and click the Link icon.

It will copy a link to the selected code. When someone views that link, the code you highlighted will have a gold background. It even works for partial line selections. Success or failure of the build is now clearly visible in the code explorer and commit details views Figure More details are just a click away, so you always know if the changes in the commit passed the build or not. You can also customize which builds post build status in the repository options for the build definition.

You will see new file icons matching the extension of the file in the explorer, pull requests, commit details, shelveset, changeset or any other view that shows a list of files Figure The new Git repository creation has been improved by providing users the ability to add a ReadMe file Figure Adding a ReadMe to the repository not only helps others understand the purpose of the codebase, but also allows you to immediately clone the repository.

In this release, we have increased the size of the logs, added Java build templates, and improvements to our Xamarin support to name a few changes. We have implemented a new design for the Queued builds page that shows a longer list of queued and running builds, and in a more intuitive fashion Figure For more information, see Administer your build system.

Build result section extensions can now specify which column and the order in which they appear Figure The result view has two columns, and all extensions are in the first column by default.

Note: All third-party extensions will appear after the build result sections we include. Now you can jump from a build error to the line of code that caused it. Looking at the latest error on the primary build we use as a pull request policy internally, you see this Figure 40 :. The previous log view only supported logs up to 10, lines.

The new viewer is based on the Monaco editor used in VS Code and will support logs up to , lines. We have made it even easier for Java developers to get started with build by adding build templates for Ant, Maven, and Gradle Figure For more information on templates, see Build steps. The Xamarin License step is no longer necessary and has been removed from the build templates. As part of this effort we are deprecating the task. All build definitions that use this task should be updated to remove it in order to prevent any disruption when the task is finally removed.

Finally, we have enhanced the Xamarin build definition templates to use these new tasks. Build your Xamarin app. Take advantage of the build capabilities to build your Docker images and upload them to the Docker Hub as part of your continuous integration flow Figure Then, deploy those images to a number of Docker hosts as part of Release Management.

The Marketplace extension adds all the service endpoint types and tasks necessary for you to work with Docker. If the build run to merge a pull request contains SonarQube MSBuild tasks, you will now see new code analysis issues as discussion comments in the pull request Figure This experience works for any language for which a plug-in is installed on the SonarQube server.

You can now choose which build definitions report their status back to the Git status API. This is particularly useful if you have many definitions that build a given repository or branch, but only have one that represents the real health. It has been always possible to add notifications of XAML builds in the team room.

With this sprint, users can also receive notifications from Build vNext completions. CI triggers for hosted Git repositories can include or exclude certain paths.

This enables you to configure a build definition to run only when files in specific paths have changed Figure Since the introduction of integrated web-based Release management in Team Foundation Server , we have made several enhancements in this version. We have incorporated the ability to clone, export, and import release definitions within Release hub, without requiring installation of an extension Figure For more details, see Clone, export, and import a release definition documentation.

In the release summary page, we have enabled a contribution point for an external service to show environment-specific information. In Team Services, this functionality is used to display a summary of test results when tests are run as part of a release environment Figure For more details, see Understand the summary view of a release documentation.

A new option when you configure an environment allows scripts to run as tasks in the environment to access the current OAuth token Figure For more details, see Environment general options documentation. Build and release tasks have an option to Continue on error in the Control Options parameters for each task.

In a build definition, this results in a Build partially succeeded result if a task with this option set should fail. The same behavior is now available in release definitions. If a task fails, the overall release result will show as “Release partially succeeded” Figure By default, a partially successful release will not automatically trigger a release to a subsequent environment, even if this behavior is specified in the environment deployment options. However, a new option can be set in each release environment that instructs Release Management to trigger a release to a subsequent environment when the previous release is partially successful Figure For more details, see Environment deployment triggers documentation.

Sometimes you may want to consume artifacts stored in a version control system directly, without passing them through a build process, as described in this topic. NET 4, Node, and Python based web apps. The task also supports common publishing options such as the ability to retain app data, take an app off-line, and remove additional files at the destination. More features, such as configuration transformations, may appear in forthcoming versions Figure A task group lets you encapsulate a sequence of tasks already defined in a build or a release definition into a single reusable task that can be added to a build or release definition just like any other task Figure You can choose to extract the parameters from the encapsulated tasks as configuration variables, and abstract the rest of the task information.

The new task group is automatically added to the task catalogue, ready to add to other release and build definitions. For more details, see Task Groups documentation. When you delete a release, or it is automatically deleted by a retention policy, the release is removed from the overview and details lists. However, it is retained with the release definition for a period typically 14 days before it is permanently deleted.

During this period, it is shown in the Deleted tab of the overview and details lists. You can restore any of these releases by opening the shortcut menu and choosing Undelete Figure For more details, see Restore deleted releases documentation.

The release retention policy for a release definition determines retention duration for a release and linked build. By default, a release is retained for 60 days. Releases that have not been deployed or modified during that time are automatically deleted. However, you may want to retain more releases that have been deployed to specific environments, such as your production environment, or retain them longer than those that were just deployed to other environments such as test, staging, and QA.

You can also retain the build linked to a release for the same period as the release to ensure that the artifacts are available if you need to redeploy that release Figure For more details, see Release and build retention documentation. Including a Manual Intervention task in an environment enables you to temporarily halt a deployment, perform manual steps, and then resume further automated steps. You can also reject the deployment and prevent further steps from executing after a manual intervention Figure For more details, see Manual intervention documentation.

The scripts can be provided as a file, or inline within the task. Pin a release definition to the dashboard – an easy way to make a summary of releases for that definition visible to all your team. For more details, see Add release information to the dashboard documentation. Want all your production deployments to happen at midnight? You can configure a condition on an environment that selects a successful deployment or just the latest one from another environment, and deploys it at the specified time Figure Until the previous version, you could do parallel deployments forkdeployments , but you could not start a deployment to an environment based on the status of multiple environments join deployments.

Now you can. For more details, see Parallel forked and joined deployments documentation. Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed. Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks. What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually.

You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download. Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed. Back Next. Details Version:. File Name:. Date Published:. File Size:. System Requirements Supported Operating System. Install Instructions 1.

On this page, click Download to start the download. To save the download on your computer so that you can install it later, click Save. To cancel the installation, click Cancel. NET Framework 4.

 
 

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Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. But this time an error message popped up:. And I reinstalled the application and even reinstalled the Microsoft visual studio Shell.

What also confuses me is the fact that the shell of visual studio does not even exist yet. I’m working on a windows 11 machine. Its a reported issued on Windows 11 22H2 I just found out that you can also use Azure Data Studio as an alternative for SSMS, which is also sometimes preinstalled on windows machines.

Stack Overflow for Teams — Start collaborating and sharing organizational knowledge. Create a free Team Why Teams? Learn more about Teams. Asked 1 month ago. Modified 7 days ago. During this period, it is shown in the Deleted tab of the overview and details lists. You can restore any of these releases by opening the shortcut menu and choosing Undelete Figure For more details, see Restore deleted releases documentation.

The release retention policy for a release definition determines retention duration for a release and linked build. By default, a release is retained for 60 days. Releases that have not been deployed or modified during that time are automatically deleted. However, you may want to retain more releases that have been deployed to specific environments, such as your production environment, or retain them longer than those that were just deployed to other environments such as test, staging, and QA.

You can also retain the build linked to a release for the same period as the release to ensure that the artifacts are available if you need to redeploy that release Figure For more details, see Release and build retention documentation. Including a Manual Intervention task in an environment enables you to temporarily halt a deployment, perform manual steps, and then resume further automated steps.

You can also reject the deployment and prevent further steps from executing after a manual intervention Figure For more details, see Manual intervention documentation.

The scripts can be provided as a file, or inline within the task. Pin a release definition to the dashboard – an easy way to make a summary of releases for that definition visible to all your team. For more details, see Add release information to the dashboard documentation. Want all your production deployments to happen at midnight? You can configure a condition on an environment that selects a successful deployment or just the latest one from another environment, and deploys it at the specified time Figure Until the previous version, you could do parallel deployments forkdeployments , but you could not start a deployment to an environment based on the status of multiple environments join deployments.

Now you can. For more details, see Parallel forked and joined deployments documentation. For more information, see the API reference documentation. Send release notifications when new releases are created, deployments are started or completed, or when approvals are pending or completed. Integrate with third party tools such as Slack to receive such notifications. For more details, see Azure Classic service endpoint documentation.

In this release, we are migrating the test result artifacts to a new compact and efficient storage schema. Since test results are one of the top consumers of storage space in TFS databases, we expect this feature to translate into reduced storage footprint for TFS databases.

For customers who are upgrading from earlier versions of TFS, test results will be migrated to the new schema during TFS upgrade. This upgrade may result in long upgrade times depending on how much test result data exists in your databases.

It is advisable to configure the test retention policy and wait for the policy to kick in and reduce the storage used by test results so that the TFS upgrade is faster. See TFSConfig. If you do not have the flexibility to configure test retention or clean up test results before upgrade, make sure you plan accordingly for the upgrade window. See Test result data retention with Team Foundation Server for more examples about configuring test retention policy.

We have brought test configuration management to the web UI by adding a new Configurations tab within the Test Hub Figure Now you can create and manage test configurations and test configuration variables from within the Test hub. For more information, see Create configurations and configuration variables. Assigning configurations just got easier. You can assign test configurations to a test plan, test suite, or test case s directly from within the Test hub Figure Right-click an item, select Assign configurations to … , and you’re off and running.

You can also filter by Configurations in the Test hub Figure For more information, see Assign configurations to Test plans and Test suites.

We have added new columns to the Test results pane that show you the test plan and test suite under which the test results were executed in. These columns provide much-needed context when drilling into results for your tests Figure You can now order manual tests from within the Test Hub Figure 65 , irrespective of the type of suite in which they are included: static, requirement-based, or query-based suites.

You can simply drag and drop one or more tests or use the context menu to reorder tests. Once the ordering is completed, you can sort your tests by the Order field and then run them in that order from the Web runner.

You can also order the tests directly on a user story card on the Kanban board Figure Test teams can now order the test suites as per their needs. Prior to this capability, the suites were only ordered alphabetically.

As part of the rollout of new identity picker controls across the different hubs, in Test hub, we have also enabled the option to search for users when assigning testers to one or more tests Figure You can now pick the “build” you want to test with and then launch the Web runner, using ‘Run with options’ in Test hub Figure Any bug filed during the run is automatically associated with the build selected. In addition, the test outcome is published against that specific build.

The Microsoft Test Runner launches without opening the entire Microsoft Test Manager shell and will shut-down on completion of the test execution. For more information, see Run tests for desktop apps. You can now choose your data collectors and launch the Exploratory Runner client in a performant way from Test hub, without having to configure them in Microsoft Test Manager client. Invoke ‘Run with options’ from the context menu Figure 72 for a Requirement based suite and choose Exploratory runner and the data collectors you need.

The Exploratory runner launches similar to Microsoft Test Runner as described above. We have now added the ability to configure the behavior of test outcomes for tests shared across different test suites under the same test plan Figure Users can set the “Configure test outcomes” option for a particular test plan either from the Test hub test plan context menu or from the Kanban board test page in the common settings configuration dialog. This option is turned off by default and you will have to explicitly enable it to take effect.

You can now verify a bug by re-running the tests which identified the bug Figure You can invoke the Verify option from the bug work item form context menu to launch the relevant test case in the web runner. Perform your validation using the web runner and update the bug work item directly within the web runner. You can now add, view, and interact with test cases directly from your stories on the Kanban board.

Use the new Add Test menu option to create a linked Test case, and then monitor status directly from the card as things progress Figure With this new capability, you can now perform the following actions directly from a card on your board:. If you need advanced test management capabilities like assign testers, assign configurations, centralized parameters, exporting test results, etc.

For more information, see Add, run, and update inline tests. Clicking on this link Figure 76 will take you to the Test hub, open the right test plan, and then select the specific suite that controls those inline tests. Use the new Tests page in common settings configuration dialog on Kanban board to control the test plan where the inline tests are created Figure Now, you can override this behavior by configuring an existing test plan of your choice — all the tests are added to the selected test plan.

Note that this functionality is only enabled if the Test annotation is turned on. We have enhanced the Web test runner to give you the ability to add test step attachments during manual testing Figure These step result attachments automatically show up in any bugs you file in the session and subsequently in the Test results pane.

You can now take screenshots and annotate them inline when you use Web runner in Chrome Figure You can also capture on-demand screen recordings of not just the web apps, but also your desktop apps.

These screenshots and screen recordings are automatically added to the current Test step. You need to specify the browser window on which to capture your actions — all actions on that window any existing or new tabs you open in that window or any new child browser windows you launch, will automatically be captured and correlated against the test steps being tested in the Web runner.

These screenshots, screen recordings and image action logs are then added to any bugs you file during the run and attached to the current test result.

Similarly, the system information data is automatically captured and included as part of any bugs you file from the Web runner. For more information, see Collect diagnostic data during tests. When running tests in Web runner, launched either from a card on the board or from a requirement-based suite in Test hub, any new bugs filed will now be automatically created as a child to that user story.

Similarly, if you are exploring a user story from the exploratory testing extension, any new bugs you file are also created as a child to that user story. This new behavior allows for simpler traceability across stories and bugs. This is applicable only if the “Working with bugs” settings in the Common Settings Configuration page is set to “Bugs do not appear on backlogs or board” or “Bugs appear on the backlogs and boards with tasks”.

For all other settings for “Working with bugs” option and in certain other scenarios, such as adding to an existing bug that already has a parent defined, a Related link is created instead. In addition to creating new bugs from the Web runner, now you can also update an existing bug Figure All the diagnostic data collected, repro steps, and links for traceability from the current session are automatically added to the existing bug.

You can now do exploratory testing for a specific work item Figure This lets you associate the selected work item with your ongoing testing session, and view the acceptance criteria and description, from within the extension. It also creates end-to-end traceability between bugs or tasks that you file on the selected work item.

You can explore the work item either directly from a work item, or from within the extension:. We have added entry points on all cards, grids, and in the Test hub.

Image Action Log: The extension gives you a new option to add the steps that lead you to the bug automatically with just one click. Select the “Include image action log” option Figure 83 to capture the mouse, keyboard, and touch actions, and add the corresponding text and images directly into the bug or task. Screen recording as video: You can also capture on-demand screen recordings using the extension. These screen recordings can be captured not just from the web apps, but also your desktop apps.

You can configure the extension to automatically stop screen recordings and attach them to a bug being filed using the extension’s “Options” page.

Page Load Data: We have added a new background capture capability to the extension — capturing of “web page load” data. Just like the “image action log” captured your actions performed on a web app being explored, in the form of images in the background, the “page load” functionality automatically captures details for a web page to complete the load operation.

Once the bug is filed, in addition to the tile view, a detailed report is also attached to the bug, which can help the developer with their initial set of investigations. When you create test cases during your exploratory session, the test steps with images are automatically filled in for you Figure Simultaneous test design and test execution is the basis of true exploratory testing, and this new capability makes this a reality. For more information, see Create test cases based in image action log data.

You can get to this insights page by clicking the “Recent exploratory sessions” link in the Runs hub within the Test Hub group in web access. This new view helps you derive meaningful insights, including:. For more information, see Get insights across your exploratory testing sessions. You start by specifying a shared query for work items that you are interested in and the sessions page shows a list of all the work items from the query, with a breakdown of both explored and unexplored items in the summary section.

In addition, using the “Unexplored Work Item” group by pivot, you can see the list of items that have not been explored yet. This is extremely useful to track down how many stories have not been explored or gone through a bug-bash yet. This opens the Request feedback form where you can choose the stakeholders you want feedback from and optionally provide a simple set of instructions prompting for the areas of the product you would like input. This will send off individual mails to the selected stakeholders along with the instructions provided, if any.

Additionally, stakeholders can navigate to the “Feedback requests” page to view in one place all feedback requests received by them.

From the list, they can select the feedback request they want to provide feedback on, manage their “Pending feedback requests” Figure 88 by marking them as complete or by declining them and can switch between different types of feedback requests by clicking on the desired radio button Figure In addition to the solicited flow mentioned above, stakeholders can also use the extension to provide voluntary feedback Figure Test result console logs that are captured in.

You have an option to preview them in Tests tab, and do not need to download the trx file to view logs anymore. We have added a new ‘Test result trend’ widget to the Widget Gallery Figure Use this widget to add a test result trend chart of up to 30 most recent builds for a build definition to the dashboard.

Widget configuration options can help you customize the chart to include pivots like passed test count, failed test count, total test count, pass percentage, and test duration. It is a recommended practice to use Release Environments to deploy applications and run tests against them. With this release, we have integrated test pass rate of Release Environments in the Environments section of the Release summary page Figure As shown in the screenshot, if an Environment has failed, you can quickly infer if the failure is because of failing tests by looking at the Tests column.

You can click on the pass rate to navigate to the Tests tab and investigate the failing tests for that Environment. It is a common scenario for an individual test to run on multiple branches, environments, and configurations. When such a test fails, it is important to identify if the failure is contained to development branches like the main branch or if failures also impact release branches that deploy to production environments.

You can now visualize the history of a test across various branches that it is testing by looking at the History tab in Result summary page Figure Similarly, you group by the Environment pivot to visualize the history of a test across different Release Environments in which its run.

Users can now track the quality of their Requirements right on their Dashboard Figure We already have a solution for Requirements quality for our Planned testing users and we are bringing it to our users who follow Continuous Testing. Users are able to link automated tests directly to Requirements and then use Dashboard widgets to track the quality of Requirements you are interested in tracking, pulling the Quality data from Build or Release.

We have enabled tests from within an assembly to be distributed to remote machines using the Run Functional Tests task Figure In TFS , you could distribute tests only at the assembly level. This is enabled using the check box in the task as below. Users can dynamically set up test machines in the cloud with Azure, or on premises using SCVMM or VMWare, and use these machines to run their tests in a distributed manner.

You can now trigger a SonarQube analysis in the Maven and Gradle build task by checking ‘Run SonarQube Analysis’, and providing the endpoint, the SonarQube project name, the project key, and the version Figure You will also now get a link on the SonarQube project Figure You can request a full analysis to see the quality gates details, and choose to break the build if they are not met.

For more information, please see The Gradle build task now supports SonarQube analysis. Project collection administrators can now browse to the Visual Studio Marketplace from a Team Foundation Server and install free extensions in a team project collection. The extensions are automatically downloaded from the Visual Studio Marketplace, uploaded to the Team Foundation Server, and installed in the selected team project collection Figure Project collection administrators can now browse to the Visual Studio Marketplace from a Team Foundation Server, buy paid extensions, and install them in a selected team project collection Figure The administrator can pay for extensions with an Azure subscription and select the number of users to assign these extensions.

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How To: Download the package that includes the Microsoft Visual Studio Shell libraries

 

However, a new option can be set in each release environment that instructs Release Management to trigger a release to a subsequent environment when the previous release is partially successful Figure For more details, see Environment deployment triggers documentation. Sometimes you may want to consume artifacts stored in a version control system directly, without passing them through a build process, as described in this topic.

NET 4, Node, and Python based web apps. The task also supports common publishing options such as the ability to retain app data, take an app off-line, and remove additional files at the destination.

More features, such as configuration transformations, may appear in forthcoming versions Figure A task group lets you encapsulate a sequence of tasks already defined in a build or a release definition into a single reusable task that can be added to a build or release definition just like any other task Figure You can choose to extract the parameters from the encapsulated tasks as configuration variables, and abstract the rest of the task information.

The new task group is automatically added to the task catalogue, ready to add to other release and build definitions. For more details, see Task Groups documentation. When you delete a release, or it is automatically deleted by a retention policy, the release is removed from the overview and details lists. However, it is retained with the release definition for a period typically 14 days before it is permanently deleted.

During this period, it is shown in the Deleted tab of the overview and details lists. You can restore any of these releases by opening the shortcut menu and choosing Undelete Figure For more details, see Restore deleted releases documentation. The release retention policy for a release definition determines retention duration for a release and linked build. By default, a release is retained for 60 days. Releases that have not been deployed or modified during that time are automatically deleted.

However, you may want to retain more releases that have been deployed to specific environments, such as your production environment, or retain them longer than those that were just deployed to other environments such as test, staging, and QA. You can also retain the build linked to a release for the same period as the release to ensure that the artifacts are available if you need to redeploy that release Figure For more details, see Release and build retention documentation.

Including a Manual Intervention task in an environment enables you to temporarily halt a deployment, perform manual steps, and then resume further automated steps. You can also reject the deployment and prevent further steps from executing after a manual intervention Figure For more details, see Manual intervention documentation.

The scripts can be provided as a file, or inline within the task. Pin a release definition to the dashboard – an easy way to make a summary of releases for that definition visible to all your team.

For more details, see Add release information to the dashboard documentation. Want all your production deployments to happen at midnight? You can configure a condition on an environment that selects a successful deployment or just the latest one from another environment, and deploys it at the specified time Figure Until the previous version, you could do parallel deployments forkdeployments , but you could not start a deployment to an environment based on the status of multiple environments join deployments.

Now you can. For more details, see Parallel forked and joined deployments documentation. For more information, see the API reference documentation. Send release notifications when new releases are created, deployments are started or completed, or when approvals are pending or completed.

Integrate with third party tools such as Slack to receive such notifications. For more details, see Azure Classic service endpoint documentation. In this release, we are migrating the test result artifacts to a new compact and efficient storage schema. Since test results are one of the top consumers of storage space in TFS databases, we expect this feature to translate into reduced storage footprint for TFS databases.

For customers who are upgrading from earlier versions of TFS, test results will be migrated to the new schema during TFS upgrade. This upgrade may result in long upgrade times depending on how much test result data exists in your databases. It is advisable to configure the test retention policy and wait for the policy to kick in and reduce the storage used by test results so that the TFS upgrade is faster. See TFSConfig. If you do not have the flexibility to configure test retention or clean up test results before upgrade, make sure you plan accordingly for the upgrade window.

See Test result data retention with Team Foundation Server for more examples about configuring test retention policy. We have brought test configuration management to the web UI by adding a new Configurations tab within the Test Hub Figure Now you can create and manage test configurations and test configuration variables from within the Test hub.

For more information, see Create configurations and configuration variables. Assigning configurations just got easier. You can assign test configurations to a test plan, test suite, or test case s directly from within the Test hub Figure Right-click an item, select Assign configurations to … , and you’re off and running.

You can also filter by Configurations in the Test hub Figure For more information, see Assign configurations to Test plans and Test suites. We have added new columns to the Test results pane that show you the test plan and test suite under which the test results were executed in. These columns provide much-needed context when drilling into results for your tests Figure You can now order manual tests from within the Test Hub Figure 65 , irrespective of the type of suite in which they are included: static, requirement-based, or query-based suites.

You can simply drag and drop one or more tests or use the context menu to reorder tests. Once the ordering is completed, you can sort your tests by the Order field and then run them in that order from the Web runner. You can also order the tests directly on a user story card on the Kanban board Figure Test teams can now order the test suites as per their needs.

Prior to this capability, the suites were only ordered alphabetically. As part of the rollout of new identity picker controls across the different hubs, in Test hub, we have also enabled the option to search for users when assigning testers to one or more tests Figure You can now pick the “build” you want to test with and then launch the Web runner, using ‘Run with options’ in Test hub Figure Any bug filed during the run is automatically associated with the build selected.

In addition, the test outcome is published against that specific build. The Microsoft Test Runner launches without opening the entire Microsoft Test Manager shell and will shut-down on completion of the test execution.

For more information, see Run tests for desktop apps. You can now choose your data collectors and launch the Exploratory Runner client in a performant way from Test hub, without having to configure them in Microsoft Test Manager client. Invoke ‘Run with options’ from the context menu Figure 72 for a Requirement based suite and choose Exploratory runner and the data collectors you need.

The Exploratory runner launches similar to Microsoft Test Runner as described above. We have now added the ability to configure the behavior of test outcomes for tests shared across different test suites under the same test plan Figure Users can set the “Configure test outcomes” option for a particular test plan either from the Test hub test plan context menu or from the Kanban board test page in the common settings configuration dialog.

This option is turned off by default and you will have to explicitly enable it to take effect. You can now verify a bug by re-running the tests which identified the bug Figure You can invoke the Verify option from the bug work item form context menu to launch the relevant test case in the web runner. Perform your validation using the web runner and update the bug work item directly within the web runner.

You can now add, view, and interact with test cases directly from your stories on the Kanban board. Use the new Add Test menu option to create a linked Test case, and then monitor status directly from the card as things progress Figure With this new capability, you can now perform the following actions directly from a card on your board:.

If you need advanced test management capabilities like assign testers, assign configurations, centralized parameters, exporting test results, etc. For more information, see Add, run, and update inline tests. Clicking on this link Figure 76 will take you to the Test hub, open the right test plan, and then select the specific suite that controls those inline tests. Use the new Tests page in common settings configuration dialog on Kanban board to control the test plan where the inline tests are created Figure Now, you can override this behavior by configuring an existing test plan of your choice — all the tests are added to the selected test plan.

Note that this functionality is only enabled if the Test annotation is turned on. We have enhanced the Web test runner to give you the ability to add test step attachments during manual testing Figure These step result attachments automatically show up in any bugs you file in the session and subsequently in the Test results pane. You can now take screenshots and annotate them inline when you use Web runner in Chrome Figure You can also capture on-demand screen recordings of not just the web apps, but also your desktop apps.

These screenshots and screen recordings are automatically added to the current Test step. You need to specify the browser window on which to capture your actions — all actions on that window any existing or new tabs you open in that window or any new child browser windows you launch, will automatically be captured and correlated against the test steps being tested in the Web runner. These screenshots, screen recordings and image action logs are then added to any bugs you file during the run and attached to the current test result.

Similarly, the system information data is automatically captured and included as part of any bugs you file from the Web runner. For more information, see Collect diagnostic data during tests. When running tests in Web runner, launched either from a card on the board or from a requirement-based suite in Test hub, any new bugs filed will now be automatically created as a child to that user story. Similarly, if you are exploring a user story from the exploratory testing extension, any new bugs you file are also created as a child to that user story.

This new behavior allows for simpler traceability across stories and bugs. This is applicable only if the “Working with bugs” settings in the Common Settings Configuration page is set to “Bugs do not appear on backlogs or board” or “Bugs appear on the backlogs and boards with tasks”. For all other settings for “Working with bugs” option and in certain other scenarios, such as adding to an existing bug that already has a parent defined, a Related link is created instead.

In addition to creating new bugs from the Web runner, now you can also update an existing bug Figure All the diagnostic data collected, repro steps, and links for traceability from the current session are automatically added to the existing bug. You can now do exploratory testing for a specific work item Figure This lets you associate the selected work item with your ongoing testing session, and view the acceptance criteria and description, from within the extension.

It also creates end-to-end traceability between bugs or tasks that you file on the selected work item. You can explore the work item either directly from a work item, or from within the extension:. We have added entry points on all cards, grids, and in the Test hub. Image Action Log: The extension gives you a new option to add the steps that lead you to the bug automatically with just one click.

Select the “Include image action log” option Figure 83 to capture the mouse, keyboard, and touch actions, and add the corresponding text and images directly into the bug or task. Screen recording as video: You can also capture on-demand screen recordings using the extension. Windows XP introduces the CreateMemoryResourceNotification function which can notify user mode processes of high or low memory availability so applications can allocate more memory or free up memory as necessary.

In Windows XP, the registry is reimplemented outside of the paged pool; the registry hives are memory mapped by the Cache Manager into the system cache, eliminating the registry size limit.

The registry size is now limited only by the available disk space. The System hive still has a maximum size, but it has been raised from 12 MB to MB, eliminating the issue previous Windows versions faced [37] of being unable to boot because of a large or fragmented System hive. The Configuration Manager has been updated to minimize the registry’s memory footprint and lock contention , reduce fragmentation and thus page faults when accessing the registry, and improved algorithms to speed up registry query processing.

An in-memory security cache eliminates redundant security descriptors. Windows XP supports cross user session debugging, attaching the debugger to a non-crashing user-mode program, dumping the process memory space using the dump command, and then detaching the debugger without terminating it. Debugging can be done over a FireWire port and on a local system.

The debug heap can be disabled and the standard heap be used when debugging. Heap leak detection can be enabled when processes exit and a debugger extension can be used to investigate leaks.

Also introduced is a new heap performance-monitoring counter. Windows XP introduces a new low fragmentation heap policy disabled by default which allocates memory in distinct sizes for blocks less than 16KB to reduce heap fragmentation. In low memory conditions, “must succeed” calls are denied, causing a slowdown but preventing a bug check. NTFS 3. There are new APIs to preserve original short file names, to retrieve a list of mount points drive letters and mounted folder paths for the specified volume, and to enable applications to create very large files quickly by setting the valid data length on files without force-writing data with zeroes up to the VDL SetFileValidData function.

For instance, this function can be used to quickly create a fixed size virtual machine hard disk. Upon system boot or the launch of an application, any data and code in the trace that is not already in memory is prefetched from the disk.

The previous prefetching results determine which scenario benefited more and what should be prefetched at the next boot or launch. The prefetcher also uses the same algorithms to reduce application startup times. To reduce disk seeking even further, the Disk Defragmenter is called in at idle time to optimize the layout of these specific files and metadata in a contiguous area. Boot and resume operations can be traced and analyzed using Bootvis.

Windows XP includes a Fast Logon Optimization feature that performs logon asynchronously without waiting for the network to be fully initialized if roaming user profiles are not set up. Group Policy is applied in the background, and startup or logon scripts execute asynchronously by default.

Windows XP reconciles local and roaming user profiles using a copy of the contents of the registry. The user is no longer made to wait as in Windows until the profile is unloaded.

Windows XP saves locked registry hives with open keys after 60 seconds so that roaming profile changes can be saved back to the server. The problem left is that the computer cannot recover the memory the profile uses until it can be unloaded.

To make sure the user profiles are completely reconciled correctly during logoff, Microsoft has released the User Profile Hive Cleanup service for Windows XP, which they later included in Windows Vista. Windows XP offers enhancements for usability, resilience against corruption and performance of roaming user profiles. To accommodate the scenario where an older profile would overwrite a newer server profile due to Windows XP’s Fast Logon feature, Windows XP ensures in such a situation that the user registry hive is copied from the server to the local profile.

Deletion of profiles marked for deletion at the next logoff does not fail for locked profiles. For workgroup computers, Windows XP no longer deletes the profiles of users belonging to the Guests group. Windows XP includes some changes to the behavior of Offline Files. Shared folders from DFS namespaces can be made available offline.

Beginning with Windows XP, folders redirected to the network are automatically made available offline using Offline Files , although this can optionally be disabled through Group Policy.

For older Windows NT 4. In Windows XP, System Restore is configurable per volume and the data stores are also stored per volume. A Disk Cleanup handler allows deleting all but the most recent Restore Point. System Restore supports Group Policy. Automated System Recovery is a feature that provides the ability to save and restore Windows and installed applications, the system state , and critical boot and system files from a special backup instead of a plain reinstall.

A common issue in previous versions of Windows was that users frequently suffered from DLL hell , where more than one version of the same dynamically linked library DLL was installed on the computer. As software relies on DLLs, using the wrong version could result in non-functional applications, or worse.

These operating systems allowed loading a private version of the DLL if it was placed in the application’s folder by the developer, instead of the system directory and must be registered properly with the system. The technology keeps multiple digitally signed versions of a shared DLL in a centralized WinSxS folder and runs them on demand to the appropriate application keeping applications isolated from each other and not using common dependencies.

Manifests and the assembly version number are used by the OS loader to determine the correct binding of assembly versions to applications instead of globally registering these components.

Instead, the metadata and CLSIDs of the classes implemented in the component are declared in an assembly manifest described using XML , stored either as a resource in the executable or as a separate file installed with the component. During application loading, the Windows loader searches for the manifest. Only if the lookup fails is the registry scanned.

Windows Error Reporting collects and offers to send post-error debug information a memory dump using the internet to the developer of an application that crashes or stops responding on a user’s desktop.

No data is sent without the user’s consent. When a dump or other error signature information reaches the Microsoft server, it is analyzed and a solution is sent back to the user if one is available. Windows Error Reporting runs as a Windows service and can optionally be entirely disabled. Software and hardware manufacturers may access their error reports using Microsoft’s Winqual program. This allows distributing solutions as well as collecting extra information from customers such as reproducing the steps they took before the crash and providing them with support links.

On old versions of Windows, when users upgrade a device driver, there is a chance the new driver is less stable, efficient or functional than the original. Reinstalling the old driver can be a major hassle and to avoid this quandary, Windows XP keeps a copy of an old driver when a new version is installed.

If the new driver has problems, the user can return to the previous version. This feature does not work with printer drivers. As Windows XP merged the consumer and enterprise versions of Windows, it needed to support applications developed for the popular and consumer-oriented Windows 9x platform on the Windows NT kernel.

Microsoft addressed this by improving compatibility with application-specific tweaks and shims and by providing tools such as the Application Compatibility Toolkit AppCompat or ACT [58] to allow users to apply and automate these tweaks and shims on their own applications. Windows Movie Maker 2 introduced numerous new transitions, effects, titles and credits, a task pane, resizable preview window with dimensions, improved capture and export options, an AutoMovie feature, saving the final video back to tape and custom WMV export profiles.

Windows XP includes advances in Broadcast Driver Architecture for receiving and capturing analog and digital TV broadcasts complete with signal demodulation, tuning, software de-multiplexing, electronic program guide store, IP data broadcasting etc. VMR-7 can mix multiple streams and graphics with alpha blending, allowing applications to draw text such as closed captions and graphics such as channel logos or UI buttons over the video without flickering, and support compositing to implement custom effects and transitions.

VMR-7 features a “windowless mode” for applications to easily host video playback within any window and a “renderless playback mode” for applications to access the composited image before it is rendered. DirectShow 8 includes AVStream , a multimedia class driver for video-only and audio-video kernel streaming.

The Scanner and Camera Wizard based on Windows Image Acquisition and other common dialogs for WIA devices have been improved in Windows XP to show the media information and metadata, rotate images as necessary, categorize them into subfolders, capture images and video in case of a still or video camera, crop and scan images to a single or multi-page TIFF in case of a scanner. The Picture Transfer Protocol PTP implementation has been updated to support all mandatory and optional commands in the PTP standard, and object tree support which allows secondary files associated with a parent file to be grouped and transferred concurrently.

Windows XP includes technology from Roxio which allows users to directly burn files to a compact disc through Windows Explorer. Previously, end users had to install CD burning software.

Windows XP’s CD burning support does not do disk-to-disk copying or disk images , although the API can be used programmatically to do these tasks. Audio CDs are burnt using track-at-once mode. WSF has been introduced besides. VBS and. JS which can store in an XML node in the same file, extra information besides script code, such as digital signature blocks, runtime directives or instructions to import external code. The WshShell object now supports a ‘CurrentDirectory’ read-write method.

Scripts can now be digitally signed as well as verified programmatically using the Scripting. Signer object in a script itself, provided a valid certificate is present on the system. WSH can thus decide whether or not to execute the script after verification. The signature block is stored in a commented section in the script file for backward compatibility with older WSH versions. By using Software Restriction Policies supported in Windows XP and later, a system may also be configured to execute only those scripts which have been digitally signed, thus preventing the execution of untrusted scripts.

Local scripts can also run on a remote machine with the new WScript. The remote script can be monitored by using the Status property. WSH 5. In earlier versions of Windows Script, to use arguments, one had to access the WshArguments collection object which could not be created externally and required that the person running the script know the order of the arguments, and their syntax and values. Named arguments are grouped in the Named collection object and have the usual methods like Item, Count, Length as well as an Exists method.

Password COM automation object, implemented in the scriptpw. It is built on Terminal Services technology RDP , and is similar to “Remote Assistance”, but allows remote users to access local resources such as printers. There are several resources that users can redirect from the remote server machine to the local client, depending upon the capabilities of the client software used. For instance, “File System Redirection” allows users to use their local files on a remote desktop within the terminal session, while “Printer Redirection” allows users to use their local printer within the terminal session as they would with a locally or network shared printer.

The clipboard can also be shared between the remote computer and the local computer. Remote Assistance allows sending invitations to the support person by email, Windows Messenger or saving the invitation as a file. The computer can be controlled by both, the support person connecting remotely as well as the one sending the invitation.

Chat, audio-video conversations and file transfer are available. Windows XP introduces Fast User Switching [96] and a more end user friendly Welcome Screen with a user account picture which replaces the Classic logon prompt. Fast user switching allows another user to log in and use the system without having to log out the previous user and quit his or her applications.

Previously on both Windows Me and Windows only one user at a time could be logged in except through Terminal Services , which was a serious drawback to multi-user activity. Fast User Switching, like Terminal Services, requires more system resources than having only a single user logged in at a time and although more than one user can be logged in, only one user can be actively using their account at a time.

This feature is not available when the Welcome Screen is turned off, such as when joined to a Windows Server Domain or with Novell Client installed. Windows Installer 2. Windows Disk Defragmenter was updated to alleviate several restrictions.

The defragmenter supports NTFS volumes with cluster sizes larger than 4 kilobytes. A command-line tool, defrag. Users who are members of the Power Users group can schedule defragmentation. It has been updated to display process names longer than 15 characters in length on the Processes tab, which used to be truncated in Windows The Delete key can also be used to terminate processes on the Processes tab. A new Networking tab shows statistics relating to each of the network adapters present in the computer.

By default the adapter name, percentage of network utilization, link speed and state of the network adapter are shown, along with a chart of recent activity. More options can be shown by choosing Select columns The Users tab shows all users that currently have a session on the computer.

On server computers there may be several users connected to the computer using Terminal Services. The paper is then sent for editing to our qualified editors.

After the paper has been approved it is uploaded and made available to you. You are also sent an email notification that your paper has been completed. Our services are very confidential. All our customer data is encrypted. Our records are carefully stored and protected thus cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons. Our payment system is also very secure. We have employed highly qualified writers.

They are all specialized in specific fields. To ensure our writers are competent, they pass through a strict screening and multiple testing. All our writers are graduates and professors from the most prestigious universities and colleges in the world. We have writers who are native speakers and non-native speakers. Our writers have great grammar skills. Being one of the largest online companies in the world providing essay writing services, we offer many academic writing services.

Some of the services we offer include;. We offer essay help for more than 80 subject areas. You can get help on any level of study from high school, certificate, diploma, degree, masters, and Ph. We accept payment from your credit or debit cards. We also accept payment through. PayPal is one of the most widely used money transfer method in the world. It is acceptable in most countries and thus making it the most effective payment method.

We offer free revision in case you are not satisfied with the order delivered to you. For such an order you are expected to send a revision request and include all the instructions that should be followed by the writer. Also remember to state the exact time the writer should take to do your revision. We offer free revision as long as the client does not change the instructions that had been previously given. In case a client want to alter the instructions, revision can be done but at a negotiated fee.

We do not take the issue of plagiarism rightly. As a company we try as much as possible to ensure all orders are plagiarism free. We also have a plagiarism detection system where all our papers are scanned before being delivered to clients. We have writers who are always ready to work and take up orders with a short deadline. We deliver papers as early as after 3 hours of ordering. You only have to indicate the short deadline and our support team will help pick the best and most qualified writer in your field.

The writer will confirm whether they will submit the paper within the set deadline. After confirmation, your paper will be delivered on time. We never at any time reuse the papers we write for our clients. We also do not have a database of previously written papers. We never send published papers to clients nor do we publish the papers after sending them to our clients.

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And I reinstalled the application and even reinstalled the Microsoft visual studio Shell. What also confuses me is the fact that the shell of visual studio does not even exist yet.

I’m working on a windows 11 machine. Its a reported issued on Windows 11 22H2 I just found out that you can also use Azure Data Studio as an alternative for SSMS, which is also sometimes preinstalled on windows machines. Stack Overflow for Teams — Start collaborating and sharing organizational knowledge. Create a free Team Why Teams? Learn more about Teams. Asked 1 month ago.

 
 

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